Geneva, October 14, 2020 PR/2020/868

Batman, Dracula and Spiderman are the top three most-used franchise characters from movies and video games in the world's biggest media market over the past four decades, according to the first installment of a new series of "Creative Economy Notes" unveiled by WIPO Director General Daren Tang at the Frankfurt Book Fair.

The note entitled: “Batman forever? Do overlapping trademark and copyright frameworks affect the franchising of comic characters?” looked at the usage of comic and other characters in United States-based cinema and gaming between 1980-2019 (top 40 list in Annex 1). It explores how character owners may trademark their characters in addition to protecting them under the copyright framework (commonly used to protect creative works) and what this means in economic and policy terms. All told, these three franchise characters have together generated some $5.89 billion in revenue over the period, WIPO's research shows.

"Comic and other franchise characters like Batman have entertained generations of children and adults alike and are a great example of how intellectual property systems help ensure these characters can adapt and remain popular even as technologies and platforms evolve," said Director General Tang. "I'm really pleased to be able to launch our new 'Creative Economy Notes' series at the Frankfurt Book Fair, a valued WIPO partner that gathers together the world's publishing and creative-industry sectors to celebrate the creativity that brings people together."

Mr. Tang, who took office as WIPO Director General on October 1, 2020, presented the new series in a virtual event together with President of Frankfurter Buchmesse Juergen Boos and their colleagues. WIPO and the Frankfurt Book Fair recently signed an agreement for collaboration between the two organizations. 

Juergen Boos, Director of Frankfurter Buchmesse, said: “The convergence of the media industries, and the impact of digitisation, means that the film and gaming sectors are evolving at an extraordinary rate right now. As a result, the potential revenue from associated licensing and sales is also enormous. So, it is more important than ever before to establish the correct processes to ensure that character owners can safely trademark their works. We all have a part to play in protecting intellectual property rights and I am pleased that the results of this survey will help to shine a light on how the creative economy is evolving.”

The new series of "Creative Economy Notes" seeks to generate empirical insight into the evolving face of the creative economy and provide analysis on how policy choices affect the performance in the creative industries.

At the meeting, WIPO also released preliminary results of its annual survey of the global publishing industry, expressing his hope that a greater number of partners will participate in the survey in the coming years. Among the survey’s findings for the countries that have so-far shared 2019 data on trade and educational publishing (Annex 2 ):

• In total, 17 countries reported their total sales and licensing revenues generated by both the trade and the educational sectors. These revenues amounted to USD 64.1 billion in 2019. The United States of America (U.S.) (USD 23.5 billion) reported the largest net revenue, followed by Japan (USD 16.1 billion), the Republic of Korea (USD 6.2 billion), Germany (USD 5.6 billion) and the U.K. (USD 5.4 billion).
• Seven countries provided their 2019 trade sector revenue broken down by sales channel, that is, bricks and mortar, online and other categories. Online sales generated more than half of total trade sector revenue in Sweden (50.1%) and the U.K. (55.2%). The U.S. (43.5%) also saw a large proportion of their total trade sector revenue generated by the online sales. However, the brick and mortar channel continued to generate the largest share of total trade sector revenue for most countries that reported such data for 2019. The 2021 report will chart any changes to the weight of different sales channels due to measures taken to stem the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

Annex 1

Franchise appearances	Character name	Rank
157	BATMAN	1
108	DRACULA	2
94	SPIDER MAN	3
89	DARTH VADER	4
83	MICKEY MOUSE	5
81	MEDUSA	6
76	DONALD DUCK	7
66	SUPERMAN	8
65	BEAST	9
65	IRON MAN	10
63	LEONARDO	11
63	SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS	12
62	THOR	13
60	GOOFY	14
58	CYCLOPS	15
57	ANGEL	16
57	CAPTAIN AMERICA	17
56	BLACK WIDOW	18
56	WOLVERINE	19
54	LUKE SKYWALKER	20
53	ARES	21
53	DAFFY DUCK	22
53	LOKI	23
51	BOBA FETT	24
50	HAN SOLO	25
49	OBI WAN KENOBI	26
48	BUGS BUNNY	27
46	MINNIE MOUSE	28
44	AQUAMAN	29
43	LEVIATHAN	30
43	MAGNETO	31
43	YODA	32
42	ALADDIN	33
42	CHEWBACCA	34
40	TAZ	35
39	BLACK PANTHER	36
39	HULK HOGAN	37
39	WONDER WOMAN	38
38	GARFIELD	39
37	COLOSSUS	40